Pepper. Soap. Water.

Who knew three simple things could be so fun? Oh the wonders of chemistry.

Intermoluecular forces are defined as the bonds between two molecules and intramolecular forces are the bonds between atoms within one molecule. The intermolecular forces in water include dispersion, hydrogen bonding and dipole. While soaps seem to have weak van der waals forces.

(Water molecule diagram)

Here, with the soap and water alone, the soap did not dissolve. It seemed to have sink straight to the bottom and stay there. This can be explained by the polar and nonpolar ends of the soap molecules. The polar ends unnoticably dissolved at the surface of the water while the non polar ends sank to the bottom. This type of substance is known as a surfactant. The polar ends were strong enough to break the surface tension of the water. The surface tension of water is due to cohesion of the hydrogen bonding. Cool stuff.

 Now here is where the pepper was added to illustrate the interaction between the soap and water. The pepper stayed at the surface of the water. As I touched the surface with my soap covered finger, the pepper molecules seemed to "explode" and immediately spread to the edges of the cup. This visulization of repulsion is due to the intramolecular forces within the soap as well as the water. The intramolecular forces impact the intermolecular forces between the water and the soap. The polar ends of the soap molecules immediately repelled the polar forces from the hydogen bonds in the water.

Friday 1/24/14

It is Friday already? Has it been two week since I last wrote a Friday blog? Doesn't seem so.
Anyways.
This week I've learned that calculus has indeed been responsible for most of my mental breakdowns thus far. Therefore I made one of the best decisions I have made all year; which was of course to just forget about it ;) I have also learned that Comer did not lie when she warned us her coursework for both classes with get even more difficult after the winter break.  And of course I have learned oh so much about photo specostropy and how wavelengths correspond to energy and electrons jumps and so forth. More fun stuff.

I have accomplished Unit 5 of AP Chem finally and also Part I of Crime and Punishment. Not to mention I also conquered the mountain of homework that I was assigned to attack over the three day weekend (no im not exaggerating). I feel proud to say that despite my absences I have surprisingly not fallen behind in any of my classes. I am also happy to say that we beat Cruces at our competition this weekend WOO

For the remainder of January, I plan on bumping my grade in this class back to a B because I am SO close. I also plan on winning the rest of my cheer competitions the rest of this season. I'm also planning on reading the rest of Crime and Punishment AND Weathering Heights (yes, at the same time).  And I plan on using my off period to my advantage of relaxing and focusing up on AP Chem knowledge. Maybe even go to Starbucks.

Thought you would enjoy this :)

(http://lifeandfitnessbyashley.blogspot.com/2013/05/fun-facts-friday.html)

GRAS

"GRAS" is an acronym for the phrase Generally Recognized As Safe. Under sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), any substance that is intentionally added to food is a food additive, that is subject to premarket review and approval by FDA, unless the substance is generally recognized, among qualified experts, as having been adequately shown to be safe under the conditions of its intended use, or unless the use of the substance is otherwise excluded from the definition of a food additive.There are two types of approved color additives - dyes and lakes. Dyes are water-soluble and usually come in the form of powders, granules, or liquids. Lakes are not water-soluble. They are found in products containing fats and oils.

In 1900, many foods available in the U.S. were artificially colored. However, not all of the coloring agents were harmless and some were being used to hide inferior or defective foods. A careful assessment of the chemicals used for coloring foods at the time found many blatantly poisonous materials such as lead, arsenic, and mercury being added. In many cases, the toxicities of the starting materials for synthesizing coloring agents were well known and could be toxins, irritants, sensitizers, or carcinogens. To determine how much dye is safe to use, toxicologists take the highest dose that did not cause any adverse effect in animal tests and divide it by 100. The resulting number is the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)—the amount any human can ingest every day for a lifetime without experiencing problems. Most foods containing dyes have only a tiny fraction of the ADI.

Risks include hyperactivity in children, cancer (in animal studies), and allergic reactions. In 2008, because of the problem of hyperactivity, the Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to ban the use of these dyes. The British government has taken actions that are virtually ending the use of dyes throughout Europe.

Current Seven Food Dyes 

Blue No.1- Brilliant Blue

 

Blue No. 2- Indigotine

Green No. 3- Fast Green 

Red No. 40- Allura Red

Red No. 3- Erythosine

Yellow No. 5- Tartazine

Yellow No. 6- Sunset Yellow

http://www.cspinet.org/fooddyes/

http://www.fda.gov/Forindustry/ColorAdditives/default.htm

Friday, 1/10/13

1. Well it was our first few days back to school... I really don't think winter break is long enough. Anyways, i believe we have completed most of the electronic structure unit. As well as our new AP t-shirts! (woo) But more importantly I have completed half of my senior year! Because my classes are year long, we haven't completed anything recently but of course we have started new assignments.
2. Along with all the cool things I learn in AP Chem every day such as PES and ionization and electron configuration and energy levels, I have also learned the background of Russian middle names.
3. I plan to recover my knowledge of anything calculus related because it seems as though I have misplaced all of it. I also plan on learning more about PES in the lab on Monday as well as read Crime and Punishment while studying and analyzing poems. FUN! Oh, I also plan to do very well at our first cheerleading competition in Santa Fe this weekend.

PEZ? or PES? haha

(http://www.oldtimecandy.com)